Question: What is super elevation?What does it require?
Answer: Centrifugal force and own weight of the car act on the curved car.Centrifugal force causes the car to overturn.To overcome this difficulty, the outer side of the curved road is built higher than the inner side.This amount of elevation is called super elevation.
Requirements of Elevation:
1.Protecting the vehicle from accidents.
2.Bending water for faster speed drainage.
3.Protect from unwanted jolts while traveling.
4.Prevent road damage.
Question: Where and why is super elevation used?Super elevation is dependent on what factors?
Answer: Super elevation is generally applied to road or rail track bends.
Considering the speed of the vehicle and the angle or radius of the turn, the value of the first centrifugal force is greater than the deviation of the vehicle from the roadway.The road is raised from the inside to the outside to prevent it from tipping outward so that the centrifugal force and the weight of the vehicle and the frictional force are in balance.
Factors on which super elevation depends:
1.Vehicle speed
2.Bend radius
3.Road width
4.road slope
5.Coefficient of friction between car wheel and road
6.Acceleration due to gravity
Question: What is camber and gradient?What are the camber requirements?
Answer: The transverse slope of the road surface is called camber.This is called cross slope.
The rate of improvement or deterioration of the surface with horizontal distance along the length of the road is called gradient or vertical slope.A 1:100 slope means a 1 meter rise or fall over a 100 meter horizontal distance.
Camber Requirements:
1.Rapid drainage of water from the road surface.
2.Keeping road pavement dry.
3.Keeping the road suitable for vehicular movement at all times.
4.Reducing road maintenance and repair costs.
5.To enhance the aesthetic beauty of the road.
6.Assisting the vehicle to move in two lanes.
Question: What is meant by ruling gradient and floating gradient?
Answer: The slope on which the vehicle can easily ascend and descend is called the ruling gradient.Climbing such slopes consumes additional engine power and does not require brake power during descent.
The slope of the slope is called floating gradient when a vehicle enters a downward slope at a certain speed and is able to cross the slope smoothly without using brakes or engine power.
Question: What is a road junction or intersection?What is its purpose?
Answer: When three or more roads coming from different directions cross at the same plane or intersect each other, it is called a road junction.
Purpose of the Treaty:
1.Development of vehicular traffic.
2.Avoiding a head-on collision between two vehicles.
3.Improving road efficiency.
4.Directing the vehicles on a certain route.
5.Avoid wastage of national funds by building fewer roads.
Question: What is sub-grade?What are the considerations in sub-grade construction?What is the function of sub-grade?
Answer: A layer of soil some depth below the surface of the sub grade that serves as the foundation of the road structure is called sub grade.
The issues in sub grade construction are-
1.Balanced grading of soil and gravel
2.Status quo power
3.Good drainage quality
4.Ability to gain full power after compact
5.Tested by stabilization method
Sub grade work:
All loads on the road are transferred through the different layers of the road and fall into the sub grade.That is, the sub-grade carries all the loads falling on the road.
Question: What are traffic signs?How many types and what are they?Why are traffic signs used?
Answer:
All the signs or signals used on roads to regulate the speed of traffic are called traffic signs.
Traffic signs are generally divided into three categories, namely-
1.Warning signs
2.Mandatory marks
3.Informational signs
Traffic signs are used to make the road and traffic safe by controlling the vehicles plying on the road through traffic signs.
Question: What is the classification of cement concrete roads?What is pavement?What are the parts of road pavement?
Answer: Cement concrete roads are of different types,
Example-
1.Cement concrete slab pavement
2.Cement grouted macadam pavement
3.Cement Bound Macadam Sandwich
4.Crete Way
Pavement: The part of the road on which the vehicle moves is called pavement.
The parts of road pavement are-
1.Sub-grade 2.Sub-base 3.Base Course 4.Waring course.
Question: What is bitumen?What is the classification of bitumen roads?
Answer: Bitumen is a black or brown colored organic substance, obtained by artificial means of breaking down parts of crude petroleum.Chemically, it is a mixture of hydrocarbons that are solid or semi-solid at normal temperatures.It can be firmly attached to the stone core.
Classification of bitumen roads:
1. Surface dressing and painting
2. Seal coat, Tack coat, Prime Coat
3. Penetration
4. Full growing
5. Semi-growing
6. Premix construction
7. Bound macadam
8. Bituminous concrete
9. Mastic asphalt
Question: Why is bitumen used in road construction?What is cut back?
Answer: Bitumen is used in road construction for the following reasons-
1.To obtain a waterproof road surface
2.For joining together road metals
3.To achieve weather resistant properties.
Cutback: Mixing volatile solvents or high boiling point light oil with bitumen to reduce viscosity is called cutback or cut backing.
Question: What is a dowel bar?Why are dowel bars used?
Answer: At transverse joints of concrete road, stir rods are used at fixed length and spacing between the slabs to transfer the load from one slab to another slab.Half of its length is firmly fixed to one side of the slab and the other half is slid-ably placed on the other slab coated with grease or oil.Dowels are repeated in such a rod.Slippery metal caps are used in expansion joints.
Reasons to use Dowel Bar:
1.To compress and expand the slab independently.
2.Transfer the load uniformly on the slab.
3.To hold together naturally.
4.To resist maximum expansion.
Question: What is the Tiber?What is stabilized soil road?Name 10 tests of bitumen as a road construction material.
Answer: In case of longitudinal joints, steel rods are attached at fixed intervals of fixed length to hold the slabs together.Its block side is firmly attached for half its length and the other half length is lubricated and slid ably placed.It is called the Tiber.
A stable road made by mixing and compacting two types of soil around the road such as sandy soil and clay soil with or without admixes is called stabilized soil road.Lime, cement, calcium chloride, resin are used as admixes in stabilization.
The names of 10 tests of bitumen as a material in road construction are as follows:
* What does transportation engineering mean?How many types of means of transportation?
Answer: The technology or science that deals with planning, designing, constructing, repairing and maintaining proper transportation is called transportation engineering.
Transportation is mainly of four types,
For example- 1.Highway 2.Water way 3.Rail way 4.sky way
* What is called highway engineering?
Answer: Discussing the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of roads and other related issues etc.Either is called highway engineering.
* What is the alignment of road?Write the principles of determining alignment.
Answer: Denoting the position of design road with the help of center line is called alignment.
Principles of Alignment:
1.The proposed road distance will be as short as possible.
2.The proposed alignment will correlate with the country's latest plan.
3.It will provide the most economical communication facility.
4.It will be equipped with large diameter bends and drainage capacity suitable for vehicular traffic.
5.It will avoid river-drainage friend land area.
* What are the alignment control issues?
Answer: The alignment control issues are given below:
1.Safe bearing capacity of soil
2.Maximum flood floor
3.Availability of essential goods
4.Number and types of vehicles
5.Suitability of geometric elements
6.Nature of land
7.Location of rivers, railways.
* What are the characteristics of macadam roads?
Answer: The characteristics of macadam roads are as follows-
1.Providing slope at the rate of 1:36 on subgrade and road surface.
2.Providing subgrade slope for subgrade consolidation and drainage.
3.Determine the aggregate size of the wearing layer thus sustaining the impacts of animal driven vehicle wheels.
4.5 cm10 cm with smaller broken stones.Thick foundation construction.
* What is the preliminary observation survey of road?Why is the initial monitoring of the road?
Answer: In the area where the road is to be constructed, the survey which is carried out with equipment in a wide area along the alignment is called observation survey by looking at the topographical map and Mouza map and fixing some alternative alignments of the road.
In order to determine the alignment of the road in the proposed area, a preliminary survey is conducted to determine the general characteristics of the target area, to determine the most suitable alignment from the selected alignments by conducting various types of "map studies" of the area.
* What do you mean carriage way or pavement?
Answer: The paved part of the road over which vehicles move is called carriage way or pavement.
* How many types of road according to the strength and what?
Answer: There are two types of roads according to the stiffness,
Namely- 1.Flexible pavement 2.Rigid pavement
Flexible Pavement: The pavement which has very low resistance to flexure or bending is called flexible pavement.
Rigid Pavement: Pavements that have a significant amount of flexural or bending capacity are called rigid pavements.For example, pavements made of cement, concrete, RCC etc.
* What is the shoulder?What does camber mean?
Answer: The strip-shaped space on both sides of the road pavement is called shoulder.Shoulders are used for vehicle standing, repair work and maintenance equipment.Its width should be given from 2.5 to 3 meters for all classes of roads.
During the construction of the road, based on the characteristics of the road surface and the amount of rainfall in the road area, gradually lower road surface is made from the center line of the road pavement towards the edge to drain the water on the road surface.The transverse slope of the road surface is called camber.
* What is the median strip?What is a skid?
Answer: In the case of two or more lane roads, the continuous widening of markings or the construction of separating islands along the center line of the road is called a median strip to allow oncoming traffic to safely avoid collision.
Skidding is the movement of a vehicle on the road surface without turning the wheels and the condition of the wheels is called skid.Skidding occurs when a moving vehicle brakes.
Life is our invisible mirror.In the mirror we want to see the face very beautifully.But even if we want to see the beautiful future of life in the mirror, many of us cannot reach success.
Whenever we make a plan to do something good, it surprises us that the good plan may not be easily implemented.In fact, the Creator examines every aspect of our lives.He never allows us to be completely successful, sometimes in danger or sometimes very close to success.Because God tests people with suffering.The person who gives more tests in real life and succeeds in the tests of life is the one who is very loved by the creator, that is, the creator tests people so that we always trust the creator and accept obedience to him, worship him.
God created man as the best of creation.But man does so much evil that the Creator is displeased.As a result, the Creator tests people with various obstacles so that people seek help from the Creator and express gratitude to the Creator in happiness and sadness.
When man is born he is very helpless.He was brought up by his parents and close relatives.Gradually, when a person grows up, he has to walk without the help of others.People learn a lot as they go along with the realities of life.As people grow up, they focus on academic studies.Many do not get the opportunity to study academically.Thus, when a person grows up to learn, he may learn good deeds or learn bad deeds by association.God gives good results for good deeds.But the creator also gives bad results for bad deeds.Just then the creator tests people with various dangers.And in the face of danger, people have to be patient and seek help from the Creator.If you seek help from the Creator, the Creator is pleased.
When people want something, they don't get it easily.This is the rule of the mundane world.People rush to get this "unavailable".Many believe that the creator of the world gives more suffering to good people.Bad people, on the other hand, are apparent: they look good and happy, but in reality they are neither good nor happy.It is seen that bad people earn by various corrupt and dishonest means.God also tests these people with suffering.If bad people repent for their bad deeds and seek forgiveness from the Creator, then the Creator forgives them.Maybe the creator does this to make people repent for their bad deeds by causing various dangers.
Life is beautiful.If the time of life can be used properly to do good work for the welfare of people, then life is definitely very beautiful.On the other hand, if you don't do good deeds, there will be no suffering in life and no suffering.Man is the only creature in this mundane world who can do as he pleases.All that is needed is his will.For example, you are not good at math.In school or college exams, you repeatedly fail in maths exams.So one day you insisted that I have to get good results in maths test.You started practicing numbers day and night.When the school or college exams came you took the math test along with other exams.When the results came out it was found that you got the highest marks in the class in the math test.
So let's put our trust in the creator and have faith in the religion. Let's try to patiently face the tests that the creator has arranged in our lives to succeed in those tests and arrange the life in a beautiful way.Life is really beautiful.
In our small life, we have many dreams from a young age, what will we do when we grow up in life? What will be our goal in life? What will be our goal in life? According to that desired goal, how do we move forward? So today I will share a real life story with you. So let's talk about that story.
Anwar is a small boy.He was only 5 years old when his parents enrolled him in school.When Anwar was admitted to class 1, he did not want to go to school at first.But slowly he started making many friends in school.Anwar is adored by the sir madam of the school.All the teachers of the school teach beautifully.Now Anwar goes to school every day and Anwar loves going to school and learning.
When Anwar passed from 1st to 2nd standard he ranked 2nd in his class.Getting 2nd place made his parents very happy.In this way, Anwar's parents started teaching him.Now Anwar is studying in 5th standard.Anwar has grown up a bit.There is a government scholarship exam system in class 5.Till now Anwar was studying in Islamia Tutorial Home School.Now in the fifth grade, Anwar was admitted to a government primary school a little away.Because that school was one of the most famous schools in Mofswal area.
At the first of the year when Anwar is studying in the fifth grade, he does not do well in the exams, does not get high marks in the exams compared to his friends around him.He suffers from depression almost every day.But Anwar was brilliant.He is not a boy to give up.He has to score well in the exam anyway.Anwar was stubborn.In any case he has to get a scholarship in class 5 and also score well in the school's annual examination.What you think is what you do.Anwar studies a lot.Regularly read Mathematics, English, Bengali, Social Science.
The end of the year has come.In the middle of December, the school's annual examination is over.After that the fifth class scholarship exam will be held.The scholarship exam is conducted in two days.On the first day two subjects were tested and on the next day three subjects were tested.Scholarship exam is conducted in total five subjects.Anwar's teachers are very optimistic about Anwar.Because Anwar studies very carefully.Goes to school regularly.On the morning of the scholarship exam day, Anwar's father took Anwar to the scholarship exam center.
Anwar is scared during the exam.Bravely trusting in the Lord, he participates in the test.Anwar does very well in every exam.The test is over.Anwar will rise from fifth standard to sixth standard.Admission will be from primary to high school.In order to get admission in the sixth standard, one has to participate in the admission test in the famous high school of locality.
Anwar picked up the admission form for class 6 to take the admission test.He studied for a few days and revised the entire book of class 5.After reading the entire book well, he appeared in the entrance examination of the sixth class.On the day of the entrance exam, he took his seat at the last bench in the exam center.Anwar sat on the last bench and took the exam.
When Anwar returned home after playing the entrance exam in the afternoon, his father returned home and asked Anwar how the exam went?Anwar Amta Amta said the exam went well.Father said with a smile, Anwar, you have stood 1st in the entrance exam of the sixth class.Anwar and his father and mother were both very happy.In this way, after passing the sixth grade, Anwar was enrolled in the seventh grade.Anwar got good results in seventh grade and got promoted to eighth grade.Anwar performed well in the annual examination in class VIII.When Anwar enrolled in ninth grade, he decided on his life goals.Anwar aspires to become a doctor or an engineer when he grows up.For this he was admitted to science department in ninth grade.
But in a cruel irony of fate, Anwar could not do well in class IX.The next year in class 10, Anwar again did well.Then came the SSC exam.Anwar also scored well in the SSC examination.He was admitted to the college in the higher secondary class in the science department.But Anwar had the most difficult time in his life while studying in higher secondary school.Suddenly Anwar fell ill.That illness was Anwar's illness for six long years.After seven years, Anwar started studying again.Everyone thought that Anwar's education would never happen again.Anwar passed high school.After that, since he wanted to be a doctor or an engineer, he passed the higher secondary school and instead of taking admission in the graduate class, he got a diploma in engineering.After studying for four years, he passed his diploma.
After that, he enrolled in the undergraduate class in engineering at Anwar University.After studying for four more years, Anwar passed his undergraduate engineering and became a graduate engineer.Suddenly Anwar's dream came true.Anwar decided to work now.After searching for a job, he finally got a job but it was private.Now he decided to do government job.So he started studying again regularly.Studying for job interviews.He has another dream.He wants to do acting.He wants to be an actor.Anwar believes that this too will be fulfilled by his creator inshallah.In this way, Anwar's life's destination, desire, and goal continue.All of us wish to grant all the beautiful dreams of the great creator Anwar.
Moral of the story:
The instructive aspect of the story is that if one patiently moves towards the goal of life, then the great creator fulfills his/her dreams one day or the other, in spite of various adversities and harsh words of people.
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